The specific characteristics of the rheological behaviors that exhibited by the aqueous solution of wormlike micelles promise their important employment that apply in various aspects [1-8]. These properties are released from the thermodynamically controlled supramolecular structure of the self-assembled amphiphilic molecules which referred as living polymers. Actually, there is only poor efforts concerning the theoretical background of the formation of these one dimensional (1D) supramolecular aggregates. Recently, we have developed a new physical insight that called Critical Intermolecular Forces (CIF) for interpreting the formation of wormlike micelle [1]. This theory (CIF) is surprisingly stated that the hydrophobic effect plays the major role in the formation of 1D as never mentioned in the previous studies.  CIF  is considered as a helpful tool for interpreting and understanding the transformation to 1D in addition to the accompanied jell state and helpful for predicting a new wormlike systems [1,7,8]. Two studies were followed for supporting CIF theory [7,8]. As a continuing to our previous investigations, a study of the effect of addition of aliphatic alcohols on the transition process towards 1D seems to us interesting. The presence of both of hydrophilic hydroxyl and hydrophobic hydrocarbonic groups in these substances may disturb the critical intermolecular forces and even could change the transition mechanism.

Interestingly, the results show there is no effect of these alcohols on the ratio of viscosity sharp peak due to presence of 1D which remains at 80/20 CTAB/SDS as clearly shown in Figure 1. This phenomenon indicates that the presence of these alcohols do not involve in the mechanism of the transformation from 3D to 1D which gives support to the already proposed CIF theory. The results also show that the presence of these alcohols increases the tendency of the formation of 1D except that of octanol as shown in .

I failed chemistry, biology and physics.

But I excelled in human biology and went on to write the clinically endorsed, worlds first good news book about Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. (PTSD)

Why did I fail in one aspect of science and excel in another which led into psychology? I believe that my metaphorical description of colloids and nanotechnology holds the answer.

For me, colloids represent why some people connect and others do not. Why some attract, some repel, and some can co-exist if there is another component that holds them suspended. What if the colloidal suspension was emotion?

I took the mechanics of science, combined with the wonder that I feel towards the unknown, and applied that to human nature. In human situations I utilized science in psychology.

Nano-technology, as an example, was a direct demonstration of collaboration.

But why did I fail chemistry, biology and physics?

Because I brought one component and the teacher brought another, but our combination was merely a mixture with no means to become a solution.

However, when I attended human biology, the teacher had a ‘colloidal solution.’ He held my lack of understanding of the mechanics of biology suspended through his ability to explain the human body to me. To fill me with wonder and see through his eyes what he was teaching.

Dealing with suicidal people that had been exposed to trauma, I became a colloidal solution for them. They could pass through my understanding, taking them away from a terrible situation into an actual solution.

Science does not need to stay confined within its own language and nor does science need to stay within the boundaries of science. Yet along this journey, we must never forget, that what we do, we do for humanity.

In December 2016, a panel of experts in microbiology, nutrition and clinical research was convened by the International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics to examine the definition and scope of prebiotics. The panel has updated the definition of a prebiotic: a substrate that is selectively used by host micro-organisms conferring a benefit to health. (Action on the Microbiota) This definition extends the concept of prebiotics to possibly include non-carbohydrate substances, applications to body sites other than the gastrointestinal tract, and various categories other than food.

a. Main advantage of prebiotics: Improving human health by modulating the microbiome is an evolutionary strategy that is part of a holistic and holistic approach to the well-being of people.

b. Point of impact of prebiotics: The rich and diverse microbial ecosystems that inhabit the surfaces mucous and cutaneous

c. Mechanism of action of prebiotics: Capacity to move the composition and metabolic signatures s microbial populations

d. The first prebiotics: For 20 years fructans (fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) and inulin) and galactans (Galacto-oligosaccharides or GOS) fall into this category, their effects acting by enrichment of Lactobacillus and / or Bifidobacterium spp.

e. The most used FOS and GOS currently dominate the prebiotic category

f. Method of study of prebiotics: high throughput sequencing, It improved 1. Our knowledge of the composition of the microbiota, 2. And allowed the identification of additional substances influencing colonization.

g. Prebiotic action sites: effective on intestine and extra-intestinal sites, directly or indirectly skin mouth, vagina... The different aspects discussed in consensus group meeting on December 9, 2016 in London: the evolution of the term prebiotic : Effects and selectivity, Substrates that are prebiotics, Metabolism of prebiotics, Benefits of the host, Pets, Tips for producers, consumers and regulators. The activities of ISAPP are determined by the Board of Directors, composed of world-wide academic scientists. Through its Industry Advisory Committee, ISAPP integrates industry scientists into its activities and raises funds to advance its mission. However, no input to this consensus group process was provided by members of the Industry Advisory Committee. ISAPP functions as an independent, objective and scientific voice for probiotic and prebiotic fields. In 2004, the definition of prebiotics was changed to “selectively fermented ingredients thatS allow specific changes, both in the composition and/or activity of the gastrointestinal microflora that confer benefits on the well-being and health of the host “The definition of prebiotics in 2008. By the UN and FAO this group proposed to redefine prebiotics as a “non-viable food component conferring a health benefit to the host associated with microbiota modulation”.1 Here, selective fermentation was removed as a criterion, but in doing so, the definition was criticized for not excluding antibiotics. Gibson et al.,2 2 years later, define the more restricted category of “food prebiotics” (definition 2010) as “a selectively fermented ingredient that causes specific changes in the composition and / or activity of the gastrointestinal microbiota”, thus conferring benefits to the health host. In 2015, Bindels proposed that the specificity requirements be deleted on the basis of reports showing that several taxa, rather than particular species, were enriched by probiotics. Another definition of a prebiotic 2015-2016 as “an indigestible compound which, by its metabolism by micro-organisms in the intestine, modulates the composition and / or the activity of the intestinal microbiota, thus conferring a physiological effect beneficial to the host”. (This definition limits prebiotics to interactions with gut microbiota only. The current ISAPP consensus group now proposes the following definition of a 2017 prebiotic: a substrate that is selectively used by host micro-organisms that confer a health benefit. Definition much broader and applies to the intestinal microbiota intestinal and extra-intestinal.

World’s demand for biological resources as natural ingredients is growing rapidly, creating new opportunities for investment on natural-based products, but also threats for the conservation of local biodiversity. The Nagoya Protocol (NP) on Access and Benefit Sharing (ABS) seeks to safeguards user’s access to biological resources and traditional knowledge, in exchange of sharing the benefits derived from their use with the original providers. Myanmar, one of the most rich-biodiversity countries in the world, signed the NP in 2014, but has not implement it yet. Thanakha is a natural-based product from Myanmar’s Dry Zone traditionally used because of its skin care and cosmetic properties.

Through mix research tools, this study seeks to analyse the potential of implementing ABS or other measures for promoting sustainable development of Thanakha, as a high-export potential natural BioTrade product from Myanmar.

Nowadays, there is a weak regulatory framework related with ABS implementation in Myanmar. Current research and development (R&D) activities on Thanakha could trigger ABS obligations, but ongoing benefit sharing practices raise uncertainties. There is a low level of traceability, low/medium access to relevant information by the farmers, low access to fair prices by farmers, low commitment of companies with local development, and lack of agreements when sourcing Thanakha for R&D or commercial purpose. Thanakha farming represents an important source of income for rural inhabitants. Implementing BioTrade principles and ethical sourcing practices can promote sustainable trade of Thanakha and support the implementation of ABS. Other measures could be Geographical Indications, or Property Rights of Traditional Varieties.

Eggs and their products are easily perishable items because of their high nutrients content, especially Protein. Many efforts have been made to increase the shelf-life of these products however; Heat Treatment according to literature is the most promising although egg and its products are heat-sensitive. Thus, either a very low temperature or very high one in a short time are needed. Ultra-Heat Treatment (UHT) is one of the well-known technologies that are used for heat-sensitive products. The aim of the study is to investigate the effect of UHT treatment (approximately 67°C for 190 seconds) on Liquid Egg Yolk (LEY). During twenty-one days, the colour was measured every seven days. We also studied its effects in damaging proteins using DSC (Differential Scanning Calorimetry) and viscosity. On the 14th day of storing, the reference samples (raw LEY) showed a high microbial contamination resulting in stopping their tests while the UHT treated samples retained their properties until the 21st day. The Colour-difference (∆E*ab) was upper than (3). The endothermic peak of treatment egg yolk took a place after the endothermic peak of raw egg yolk. Ä°n the last day of storing, it was obvious that the viscosity of egg yolk had decreased. The effect of UHT treatment is clearly shown on the DSC and viscosity graphs. And the Colour-difference (∆E*ab) is very noticeable

Hybrid organometal halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have drawn significant attention owing to their excellent physical properties: large absorption coefficients, high carrier mobility, tunable bandgaps and specifically long charge carrier diffusion lengths. PCBM as the most commonly used ETL in p-i-n planar PSCs is not perfect. On the one hand, its intrinsic organic properties lead to poor lifetime. On the other hand, PCBM is undesirable for protecting the perovskite from the invasion of the ambient oxygen and moisture. We herein demonstrate an inorganic/organic hybrid, Zn_0.8Cd_0.2S nanoparticles (ZCS) embedded in PCBM, as an efficient electron transport layer (ETL) for air-processed p-i-n perovskite solar cells (PSCs), as shown in Figure 1, and the doping effect and doping mechanism are systematically studied. As compared to the PCBM, the ZCS@PCBM ETL exhibits improved electron extraction at the perovskite/ETL interface, increased electron transportation within the ETL, enhanced charge collection efficiency, and suppressed interfacial charge recombination, resulting in significantly improved power conversion efficiency (PCE) from 14.41% to 17.18% by 19.2%. Interestingly, the ZCS nanoparticles can protect the perovskite layer from the erosion by the ambient moisture, and 82% of the initial PCE for the non-encapsulated devices with ZCS@PCBM ETL is retained after 500 h storage in the atmosphere (humidity 30-60%) versus only 13% of the initial PCE remained for PCBM ETL without ZCS doping. recognition.

Antimicrobial drug resistance continues to be a global threat in recent years. The need for alternative scientific methods to curb the challenge is of significant importance. Photodynamic therapy combines the use of photosensitizers PSs (organic dyes) and a light of specific wavelength in the presence of molecular oxygen to produce reactive oxygen species (e.g. singlet oxygen species ¹O₂) which result in cell death. This study demonstrate the synthesis of BODIPY PSs and their antimicrobial inactivation of S. aureus, S. pyogenes, E. coli and P. earuginosa and antifungal inactivation of C. albicans, C. tropicalis, C. glabbrata and C. parapsilosis applications. Three times in vitro laboratory tests (using a two-fold serial dilution method) were carried out for statistical significance of data. BODIPY PSs with iodine moieties in their core structure demonstrated a significant activity towards the microorganisms under study. The results demonstrated a 5 fold reduction of viable cells after irradiation with light after 45 minutes. Significant photodynamic inactivation activity was observed with C. albicams, C. tropicalis, S. pyogenes and S. aureus respectively with MIC of <0.05 mg/mL respectively. While with E. coli, P.earuginosa, C. glabbrata and C. parapsilosis there was no much activity, which showed resistance towards these microorganisms. The stability test on C. albicans demonstrated an MIC of <2.5 nM concentration which suggested that the BODIPYs after inoculated for more than 24 hours they turn to agglomerate and form dimers and trimmers.

“We first make our habits, and then our habits make us.”– John Dryden. Body and soul are main constituents of human. To nourish body it needs exercise and nutritive food, while soul gets nourished through reading positive quotes or thoughts. A habit is a routine of behavior that is repeated regularly and tends to occur subconsciously.First you have a cue, which is what triggers the habit. Then you have a routine, which can be physical, mental, or emotional.  Then finally, you have a reward which helps your brain decide if you should make this routine a habit [Fig. 1]. A healthy diet is a diet that helps to maintain or improve overall health. A healthy diet provides the body with essential nutrition: fluid, macronutrients, micronutrients, and adequate calories. A healthy diet, in addition to exercise, may lower disease risks, such as obesity, heart disease, type 2 diabetes, hypertension and cancer. Reading positive quotes seep positivity through the subconscious mind and further helps in identifying positivity in almost everything and everyone, we meet ends with in daily life. Just a few minutes of reading each day and one can relieve all the pain and mental stresses from personal and professional life. The world is suffering from various kinds of diseases, stress and pressures. Bad eating habits, lack of exercise and reading is responsible for this situation. . As John Dewey says “Education is not preparation for life; education is life itself”. To reposition the life of human being and make it healthy, happy and satisfied let us include the courses like ‘Principles of Healthy Living’ in primary and secondary schooling throughout the world. Which contain the syllabi related to methods and motivations for eating healthy diets, doing regular exercise and reading positive quotes daily. This will surely minimise the diseases percentage to negligible and increase the health, peace, and satisfaction in of the world making it heaven. We are what we eat and what we read.

In the present study we are performing simulation of simple model of two patch colloidal particles undergoing reversible diffusion limited cluster aggregation using patchy Brownian cluster dynamics. In addition to the reversible aggregation of patches, the spheres are coupled with isotropic reversible aggregation through the Kern-Frenkel potential. We have investigated the effect of strength of bond (anisotropic and isotropic) interaction on self-assembly under different solvent qualities for various volume fractions. We define the strength of isotropic (anisotropic) temperature T_i (T_a). 

Molecularly imprinted polymers )MIP( are intelligent nano-systems which are formed in the presence of a target molecule (i.e, antibiotics) and exhibit large chemical and exclusive affinity towards the target molecule, with their mechanism resembling that of anti-bodies or enzymes. Moreover, molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) shows a good performance in drug delivery and can prolong the durability of drug.

MIP nanoparticles possess many excellent characteristics such as high surface and low cost, easy synthesis, high stability under various physical and chemical conditions, and reusability.

In the present study, disperser Span 60 is dissolved in liquid paraffin to constitute the oil phase. An aqueous PVA solution is mixed with gentamicin constitute the water phase. The water phase is poured into the oil phase. Finally, the template is removed by Soxhlet Extraction method using acetone.

The nanoparticles of MIP were characterized using conventional methods such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The absorption bands appeared in FTIR spectroscopy indicated that the reaction between PVA and glutaraldehyde took place which in turn led to the formation of MIP nanoparticles (Fig. 1). The SEM micrograph showed that the average size of the synthesized MIP nanoparticles were 25 nm with a relatively uniform particle size distribution (Fig. 2a). Drug release was also examined in obtained nanoparticles which gradually reached to 98% after 110 h

Soft colloidal matters, such as foams and emulsions, are used in our day to day life as well as in industries. These colloids are thermodynamically unstable. Therefore, the interest is paid on their kinetic stability. Presence of particles at the air–water interfaces provides mechanical strength to the interface; consequently, the foams are stable for a longer period.

The stability of foams depends on the stability of thin liquid films separating the two bubbles (or droplets). A thin liquid film consists of two air (or oil)­­–water interfaces. Therefore, the properties of foams (or emulsions) depend on the behavior of the air–water interfaces. Presence of particles at the interfaces tends to have a complex microstructure, which often shows nonlinear response even at low strain (or strain rate). The nonlinearity is due to the change in the microstructure. During the formation of foams, it is routinely exposed to large and fast deformation. Therefore, the study of nonlinear rheological properties of the air–water interface is highly relevant.

              In this study, silica nanoparticles and hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (HTAB) were used as stabilizing agents. The air–water interface, containing surfactant-laden particles, was deformed under large amplitude oscillatory shear (LAOS). The LAOS behavior was characterized by analyzing Lissajous–Bowditch curves. These curves were further described by using Fourier transform rheology, Chebyshev polynomial, and sequence of physical processes approach.   

Keywords — fluid–fluid interfaces, interfacial shear rheology, large amplitude oscillatory shear, Lissajous–Bowditch curves, nonlinear viscoelastic

Bi₄V₂O₁₁ as an electrolyte material has attracted significant attention for recent years due to its outstanding novel advantages. In this article novel, Dysprosium doped (x= 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5) Bi₄V₂O₁₁ (Dy/BVO) nanoparticles have been synthesized through a sol-gel method. The Dy/BVO nanoparticles present excellent visible light absorption by UV-Vis diffuse-reflectance spectra. The as-prepared photocatalyst Dy/BVO nanoparticles exhibit higher photocatalytic efficiency than BVO nanoparticles evaluated by degradation of Tetracycline drug under visible light irradiation. Our work focuses on the phase transformation, conducting properties and mechanisms of the Dy/BVO nanoparticles in relation to execute some methods of processing and manufacturing product in commercial applications. The characterization of Dy/BVO was performed by FT-IR, XRD, SEM, EDAX and UV-vis analysis. AC Impedance spectroscopy was used to analyse the conducting behaviour of synthesised nanoparticles in the temperature range 100-600°C. The photocatalytic activity revealed that Dy/BVO remarkably enhanced the photocatalytic activity. This is the first report that Dy/BVO, can destroy the drug effluent which is coming from the drug industry and also worried about the human health hazards.

The fabrication of colloidal mesoporous silver nanoparticles of a tunable mesopore size is presented. These nanoparticles form stable colloidal suspensions, have narrow particle size distributions in the 60–200 nm range and size of the mesopores was enlarged by means of two different swelling agents, 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene (TMB). Colloidal mesoporous silica nanoparticles exhibit a strong affinity for the adsorption of hemoglobin (Hb). however, the adsorption of these biomolecules on silver nanoparticles occurs rapidly and most of what is adsorbed is accommodated on the external surface area of the silver nanoparticles. Computational methods are applied to study the interaction of silver nanoparticles and biomolecules