The health beneficial action of olive (Olea europaea) phenolic (biophenols) components in the oil leaves and fruits are well established. A number of studies have elucidated the biological effects of isolated olive biophenols oleuropein, hydroxytyrosol, and verbascoside with particular attention on their antioxidant activity. Mounting evidences indicate that oxidative stress and metals (Cu & Fe) plays a central role in the production and progression of toxic amyloid beta (Aβ) in Alzheimer’s disease. I have recently added the neuroprotective action of olive biophenols, caffeic acid, verbascoside and olive extract in the neuroblastoma (SH-SY5Y) cells against the H2O2 and Cu-induced toxicities. Furthermore, olive biophenols oleuropein, verbascoside, quercetin and luteolin were significantly inhibited Aβ and protected neuroblastoma (SH-SY5Y) cells from Aβ- induced toxicity. In conclusion, in vitro, in vivo and epidemiological studies reported the pharmacological effects of olive biophenols effects as an antioxidant and inhibitor of Aβ in aging are growing and suggesting that olive biophenols could be natural medicine as dietary nutriceuticals against the Alzheimer’s disease.

The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) is an American scale and is one of the internationally most frequently applied neuropsychological (nps) measures for the assessment of cognitive levels in e.g. suspected neurodegenerative disorders, neuropsychiatric conditions as well as in non-clinical cases.  Despite its popularity (Crawford, et al., 2008), one well known drawback with this instrument is the administration time, which amounts to 3-4 hours (Ryan, et al., 2015). Therefore, ever since the early days of the WAIS-scale (in the 1940s), short forms encompassing 2-8 subtests have been published (Úbeda, et al. , 2016; Denney, et al.,   2015). The seven-subtest short form of the WAIS (7-scale), encompassing the subtests Information, Digit Span, Arithmetic (AR), Similarities (SI), Picture Completion, Block Design (BD)  and Coding (CD)  (Meyers, et al., 2013) is often used in Sweden, but has up to know not been validated in a Swedish context.

The purpose was to investigate whether the 7-scale was statistically valid to apply to the Swedish adaptation of the WAIS-IV, the possibilities of a further reduction of the 7-scale and the usefulness of shortened scales in clinical differential diagnosis.  

Methodology: Nps assessment (WAIS) of 218 healthy individuals (aged 18-73) and nps assessment with the full scale WAIS of a clinical sample, n=145, including vascular disorders (stroke, hemorrhages), tumors, head trauma and multiple sclerosis. Statistics: Linear regression and discriminant analysis. 

Preliminary findings:  Linear regression indicated that the 7-scale    explained 93.1 % of the variance of FSIQ, and that the best reduction of this model was a set of four tests (4-scale): AR, SI, BD, CD, predicting FSIQ with an 87.6% certainty, and representing the WAIS-scale all four indices. In the clinical sample 92.1% of the FSIQ variance was explained by the 4-model. Pairwise analysis of the disease groups with discriminant analysis showed that only the trauma and vascular groups were possible to significantly distinguish (p=. 013) and that 62.0  % were correctly classified.   The sensitivity for the trauma group was 68%, the specificity 75.6%. In the vascular group the sensitivity was 82% and the specificity 98%. Clinical application of the 7-scale is under ongoing analysis.

Statement of the Problem: In Shanghai China, cognitive disorders have caused heavy burdens to the patients' families and the society. Shanghai government has been gradually increasing investment in treatment of cognitive disorders to prepare for the aging society. It is necessary to understand the recovery resources which are currently available to patients with cognitive disorders and the assistance they actually need. The purpose of this study was to conduct a survey of those patients’ caregivers to find out the social support currently available to their families and the social resources they need urgently.

Methodology & Theoretical Orientation: We surveyed 90 caregivers via the internet to find out whether the cognitive impaired patients' families had   received   subsidies   or   services   from   the government.   We   also surveyed  40  caregivers  by  soliciting  their  replies  to  an  online  list  of demand, trying to understand the demand of cognitive disorder patients for  resources  in  seven  aspects  including  medical  support  and  financial Support (Figure 1).

Findings:  Our  survey  results  indicated  that  21  out  of  90  patients  had received governmental subsidies, 4.44% of them had received in-home medical care and 3.33% of them had been covered by long-term care insurance. Our survey revealed that the improvement in the skills of in- home caregivers, support from senior care facilities and medical support are needed the most. About 31.71% of these 40 families hoped that the doctors would prescribe the medicines treating dementia each time in a dose of sufficient for one month's taking.  31.71% of these families hoped that the government could recommend to them senior care facilities.

Conclusion  &  Significance:  Only  a  small  percentage  of  patients  with cognitive disorders have received  certain support  from the society. It is urgent to consolidate all resources including medical treatment and those available from local residential units.

The Global burden of dementia has been estimated that 35.6 million people are living with dementia worldwide and projected to increase to 65.7 million by 2030 and 115.4 million by 2050. In Indonesia, the dementia prevalence increased twice every 5 years after passes 60 years old and reached to the sixth place of nine countries in Asia. It was estimated in 2010 that around 7.2% of population of aged people more than 60 years old in Indonesia. Yogyakarta was one of province in Indonesia with the highest aged people prevalence. Prevalence was counted from wide scale survey of aged people in Yogyakarta which was representative in describing population such as dementia survey in Yogyakarta. Dementia prevalence calculation was specifically done by using three measurement tools such as MMSE, AD8, and IADL. Dementia prevalence of 60 years old and more aged people in Yogyakarta achieved 20.1%. People living with age over 65 years could have increase dementia prevalence. Women had higher dementia prevalence than man because of the hormone estrogen’s effect and longer life span than men. From the environmental perspective point of view, aged people lived in urban area have lower dementia prevalence than in rural area. This happened because of activity and education factor which stimulated more brain using in the city than countryside. In conclusion, prevalence rate of dementia depends on age, sex, and environment factors.

My speech opens with a review of symptoms of Vascular Dementia.  Then I compare the differences between Alzheimer’s and Vascular Dementia in terms of progression and causation and give brief explanations of precipitating factors for the progression of Alzheimer’s versus Vascular Dementia.  I also discuss the possibility that improper encoding causes the difficulties in memory retrieval.  I discuss the importance of developing a support system and highlight online memory cafes and mentoring programs as very positive influences. Dementiamentors.org is recommended as a source for both online memory cafes and mentoring programs.  Dementia Action Alliance or daanow.org is another educational and support organization that is highlighted. The importance of compensatory measures including items such as medication management and calendar management systems in addition to others are discussed.  I then offer a plea to recognize that all individuals living with dementia are not “end stage” and are still quite intelligent and capable of contributing much and should be included in any discussion of dementia.  Dementia Action Alliance has a Speakers Bureau and speakers are available at daanow.org.  I close with the mention of my book, Vascular Dementia – An inside Perspective available on Amazon.

Objectives: To highlight the sensitivity of CT Scan Brain to exclude non cortical dementia. Although dementia is a clinical diagnosis, neuroimaging often is crucial for proper assessment. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) may identify nondegenerative and potentially treatable causes of dementia.

Methods: This study comprising of 100 patients of above 60 years age of either sex, presented with demented behavior of short duration which only had CT Scan Imaging.  They all successfully diagnosed and treated accordingly. The CT Scan imaging remain quite informative to exclude the cortical dementia.

Cortical dementia is the global and acquired impairment of mental function and is a major health problem, particularly in the elderly. It’s most common forms with substantial imaging data are dementia of the Alzheimer’s type (AD), frontotemporal dementia and lewy body dementia. The most commonly used imaging modalities are magnetic resonance imaging and emission tomography in their various forms.

Results: Out of all 100 patients only four patients were not able to diagnosed the cause of dementia, which were treated as cortical dementia. Our findings favor the cortical dementia, which is not that common in our country?

Conclusion: Less expensive and frequently available around the country, CT Scan remain the choice of neuroimaging to diagnose, various cause of dementia  and to exclude common cortical demontic causes.