Nowadays, cold-active enzymes and their anticipated applications in various industries attracted worldwide attention due to less energy requirement for their optimal activity in comparison to their meso and thermophilic counterparts. Until now, very few cold-active enzymes are known and least explored so far in various industries. In this study, cold-active cellulase from well-studied psychrophilic bacterium Pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis is evaluated for its mecahnism of action and industrial application compared to the normally used mesophilic and thermophilic cellulases by in silico approach. The cellulase structure from different origin subjected to molecular docking studies with the substrate cellulose by using MVD. The binding energy for thermo, meso and psychrophilic cellulase enzymes found to be -93.29, -75.54 and -126.60 KCals/mole, respectively. The results specify that psychrophilic cellulase enzyme from Pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis has more efficiency to bind with cellulose (Figure 1) in comparison to its mesophilic and thermophilic counterparts. The study showed that in silico approach could be used for the screening of different enzymes activity with specific substrate and cold-active cellulase may find better commercial application in food processing industry.

We hear daily a lot about statins , a commonly used drug for dyslipedemia, effective on cardiovascular diseases risks,while  most  studies that evaluate statins benefits ignore its side effects they analyse selective age groups of lower 65 and over 30 years and extend their results to all .one of them published In 1995 showed that Statins decrease hazard risk of cardiovascular events when taking regularly for 5 years [1] while 21 years after then it was revealed that in age over 60, LDL-C level is not associated with CVD risk but inversely  can attribute to all-cause mortality [2]Statins have well known side effects and many others have not been described completely such as diabetes mellitus and renal dysfunction that may lead to insidious and fatal acute renal failure following rhabdomyolisis especially after some types of statins such as cerivastain [3,4]. Association of statins with cancer in prolonged use is another side effects that is not proved or rejected until now [5] statins safety is an unknown concept because of different physiologic nature of older and younger people [6]. Statins’s forbidden during pregnancy and breast feeding back to different biologic actions of statins because of cholesterol plays important role in growth and development of younger age, cholesterol is a part of steroid hormones that play role in sexual process metabolisms and bile salts structures , these show safety of a drug in adults should not be addressed to children [7].

Conclusion : statins dangers versus benefits should be individualize always. 

The present study investigated three different imported frozen fish ( Trichurius, Sardinella mandenrensis, Scomber scombus) collected from three major markets, Bukuru, Terminus and New – Satellite markets to detect bacterial, and fungi contaminants and also microbial load. A total of 270 smoked fish samples were bought from 3 different markets respectively. The data obtained were analyzed using Analysis of Variance. The isolates were characterized using Blood Agar (BA), Eosin Methylene Blue Agar (EMBA), Macconkey agar (MA), and Salmonella/Shigella agar (SSA) media plates after incubation at 370C for 24hrs and growth from plates were subjected to gram staining. The isolates identified were Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, and Corynebacterium diphtheria. A total of 50% bacterial prevalence rate was observed in the 3 locations. Fungal  load in respect to location shows that 100% were observed at the New – Satellite market shows there is significance difference of fungal contamination at (P<0.005). The highest bacterial load was in Trichurius from Terminus with mean of 32.78+1.94 which shows there is a difference (P<0.05), while the lowest bacterial load with the mean of 13.46+2.90 on Samonella mandanrensis. In respect to bacterial load on fish parts, the highest bacterial load was recorded on the head of Scomber scombus with the mean of 28.93+33.00 significantly at P<0.05,while the lowest bacterial load was recorded on the flesh of Trichurius with the mean of 13.66+2.83. In conclusion, the prevalence rate of each bacterium in the studied fish, Samonella, Streptoccocus, C dipheteria, Bacillus cereus, were 13%, 18.2%, 4.5% respectively.  

Chlorophyll extracted from celery using 50% v/v water – methyl alcohol as a solvent. By this method theconcentration of chlorophyll was 22.6% with yellowish-green color. This solution showed strongly absorption at 400 – 210 nmand maximum was at the end of ultra-violet region. This absorption appeared in water, methyl alcohol, and acetone, butstrongest absorption was in water. No emission spectra was detected in the ultra-violet and visible regions which means thatchlorophyll absorbs radiation and dissipate it as a heat.Several samples of the above solution was radiated by gamma ray fromcesium-137 with energy of 0.7 Mev for different intervals (0.5, 1, 2, 4, 24 hours). The color of the solution disappeared aftertwo hours radiation while the pH decreases from 6.38 for unradiated to radiated celery solution 4.17 after 24 hours radiationwith liberation of carbon dioxide which indicates destroying of chlorophyll but the absorption at 400 – 210 nm still existswhich reflects the high stability of the group magnesium-four nitrogen atoms (tetrapyrrole) its energy about 3500 kJ mol-1. Theresulted carbon dioxide carries by hemoglobin to expel via lungs similar to that produces by biological activity of thebody.Calculation showed that the dosage of two hours radiation in which color of the solution disappeared (Compton effect)was 5.6 killogray (1 gray = 1 Joule per 1 kg sample) absorbed by chlorophyll before color disappear is enough to kills 1120people weight 75 kg each within 14 days when the whole bodies exposure at one time.The samples glass containers and theirwhite plastic covers of the radiated samples for 4 and 24 hours changed their color to violet may be due to the rearrangement oftheir physical structures. Others interesting points will appear in the full article.Capsules used as carrier for the chlorophyll totake it by children.

Keywords: Chlorophyll, Gamma Ray, pH, Celery, Energy

Taxus wallichiana Zucc. (Himalayan yew), is precious for taxol or paclitaxel removal used in the research of anti-cancer drugs (ovarian cancers, AIDS related cancers and other indications). It is a slow growing tree species due to its poor natural regeneration and very low seed germination. The present investigation tested the consequence of different plant growth regulators such as , Indole Butyric Acid (1BA), Indole-3- Acetic Acid (1AA) and Naphthalene Acetic Acid (NAA) on adventitious  rooting  of Himalayan yew shoot cuttings in four different seasons (spring, summer, autumn and winter) under nursery conditions. Shoot cuttings were treated with diverse concentrations of IBA, IAA and NAA. However, IBA at 1000 ppm in spring season (Mar-May) showed best response in stipulations of root length, root number and rooting percentage. The present investigation reveals that this method has the potentiality of using the young shoot cuttings of Himalayan yew in presence of plant growth regulating hormone IBA for its propagation and production on large extent to congregate the increasing stipulate

Antibodies are important therapeutic agents which are increasingly used in experimental research and medical applications. Antibody engineering, such as recombinant antibody fragments, have shown high specificity against various antigens.   Nanobodies or VHH are the special types of small proteins composed only of heavy chains from Camelids and represent a new generation of therapeutic immunecytical agents.  Most prominent advantages of VHH over conventional antibodies are their performance at high temperature up to 90ºC, stable folding, long CDR3 regions, and stability under harsh conditions. The purpose of our present research work is to explore, validate and characterize:  i) process (es), and ii) product (s) that could be used to develop diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for inflammatory and degenerative diseases, mainly systemic and tissue specific inflammation and extensive tissue damages and regressive loss of cellular structure. To this effect, novel nano-sized antibodies with a spectrum of convenient biophysical and biochemical properties have been used. Not only have we successfully generated proof-of-concept for the technology platform by simplifying the process of antibody generation in a complex mammalian system via introduction of simple yet powerful bioreactors such as bacteria and viruses, but also, the libraries of antigen specific camelid antibodies – anti α- amylase and anti-ovalbumin specific nanobody  provide a large number of clonal variations that may be modified and used to develop diagnostic kits for simple and non-invasive detection of presence of disease markers in body fluids for effective treatment of the patients.

Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is defined by clinical manifestations that include thrombosis and/or fetal loss or pregnancy morbidity in patients with antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL). DIAGNOSTIC PROBLEM. Antiphospholipid antibodies are among the most common causes of acquired thrombophilia, but unlike most of the genetic thrombophilias are associated with both venous and arterial thrombosis. Antiphospholipid antibodies are directed primarily toward phospholipid binding proteins rather than phospholipid per se, with the most common antigenic target being β2-glycoprotein 1 (β2GPI) although antibodies against other targets such as prothrombin are well described. Laboratory diagnosis of aPL depends upon the detection of a lupus anticoagulant (LA), which prolongs phospholipid-dependent anticoagulation tests, and/or anticardiolipin and anti-β2-glycoprotein 1 antibodies. Indefinite anticoagulation remains the mainstay of therapy for thrombotic APS, although new strategies that may improve outcomes are emerging. CLINICAL PROBLEM.  While the clinical presentation of APS can be quite diverse because the disease can affect virtually any organ system, patients typically present with symptoms relating to joint, skin or mucosal inflammation, or with a varying degree of haematological abnormality or constitutional features. However, the lack of a gold standard test to confirm diagnosis often results in delays or misdiagnosis. CONCLUSIONS.  Despite updates of the diagnostic criteria, the diagnosis of APS remains difficult. Some aspects of the Sydney criteria were debated after their introduction. Further research on clinically relevant antibodies and standardization of their detection are needed to improve clinical risk assessment in APS.  Funding: This work was supported by research grant number 175041 for 2011 – 2018, and by research grant number TR 32040 for 2011-2018, issued by the Ministry of Science of the Republic of Serbia.

Bone and cartilage repair continue to be a challenge. Autologous and allografts are the gold standard for the treatment of bone and cartilage. They have invasive, open surgical procedure that requires the tissue to be harvested from alternative site within the patient. Africa is rich in native flora that is currently tapped as medicine by traditional healers. However, little is known about the natural products of our native flora and their potential to serve as remedy for osteoarthritis, bone fracture and wound healing. Our project fabricated medicinal plant extract scaffolds by incorporating natural biopolymers and crude extracts from plants using lyophilization technique.  Subsequently, the scaffold samples were physically characterized and in vitro monitored so as to access osteogenic, chondrogenic, proliferation capacity, anti-inflammatory and bone/cartilage marker expression using different biological, immunological and genetic techniques. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and EDS revealed that the plant extract scaffolds possess porous structure and organic compounds than in scaffolds without plant extracts. The porcine adipose derived mesenchymal stem cells (pADMSCs) incubated with plant extract scaffolds showed significant differences with regard to proliferation and cell attachment compared to pADMSCs incubated with non-plant extract scaffolds in immunofluorescence analysis. The Eucomis autumnalis crude extract significantly (P < 0.01) suppressed the protein expression of IL-6 in comparison to extracts prepared from Pterocarpus angolensis and untreated groups in ELISA assay. Collagen type II alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin and osteopontin were significantly expressed in Pterocarpus angolensis group compared to Eucomis autumnalis and other groups in RT-PCR analysis.