The culture of Clarias gariepinus for fish production is becoming increasingly essential as the fish is contributing to the food abundance and nutritional benefit to family health, income generation and employment opportunities. Effect of feeding frequency was investigated over a period of ten (10) weeks; the experiment was conducted to monitor survival rates, growth performance and feeding behavior of juvenile catfish. The experimental fish were randomly assigned to five treatment groups; (i.e with different feeding frequency intervals) of 100 fish each. Each treatment was replicated twice with 50 fish per replicate. All the groups were fed with floating fish feed (blue crown®). The five treatments (feeding frequency) were T1- once a day feeding of night hours only, T2- twice a day feeding time of morning and night hours, T3- trice a day feeding time of morning, evening and night hours, T-4 four times a day feeding of morning, afternoon, evening, and night hours, T-5 five times a day feeding at four hours interval. There were significant differences (p> 0.05) among treatments. Feed intake and weight gain improved significantly (p<0.05) in T-4 and T-3. The best of the feeding time on weight gain, survival rate and feed conversion ratio were obtained at three times a day feeding (T-3) compared to other treatments especially those fed once and five times feeding regiment. This might be attributed to the high level of dissolve oxygen and less stress. Feeding fish three times a day is therefore recommended for efficient catfish production to maximize profits as the feed represents more than 50% of aquaculture inputs, particularly in intensive farming systems.

The objective of the study was to determine the distribution of R. (B.) microplus under different ecological zones in the western-central regions of Eastern Cape Province. Engorged adult blue ticks were collected monthly from 360 randomly selected cattle and free-living ticks from six replicate drags of the vegetation over a period of 1 year at Bedford Dry Grassland (BDG), Kowie Thicket (KT) and Bhisho Thornveld (BT). Special attention was paid to the lower perineum, neck, dewlap and ventral body parts which are the preferred sites for blue ticks during sampling. In this study, 9 species of ticks which grouped under 5 genera were identified. A total of 4382 females and 3708 males of R. (B.) decoloratus were recovered during the survey. Of the ticks (n=2885) collected from the vegetation, R. (B.) decoloratus was the most  abundant species with a relative prevalence of 58.16%, followed by R. appendiculatus (18.37%) and R. evertsi evertsi (16.90%). Least abundant ticks were H. rufipes (2.98%), A. hebraeum (2.46%), H. elliptica (0.38%), R. follis (0.34%), I. pilosus (0.24%) and R. simus (0.17%). The distribution of R. (B.) decoloratus ticks differ significantly (P < 0.05) among the vegetation types. More (P < 0.05) engorged R. (B.) decoloratus were collected in KT during summer season compared to other vegetation types. R. (B.) microplus was not found in the present study, signifying that it is not yet established in western-central regions of the Eastern Cape Province and as such, continuous monitoring would be advisable.

Tigers are highly elusive ,adaptable species and are also found in and around human dominated areas and agricultural lands.In India Human-Tiger Interaction is becoming more common and is now major issue in forest side villages, causing loss of lives of humans as well as animals. The present case study aims to provide a brief analysis of the work carried out by Karnataka Forest Department to rescue and translocate the conflict causing Tiger from G.S Betta range of Bandipur Tiger Reserve Karnataka to a safer place away from human interference. An adult Tiger in G.S Betta range was suspected to eaten an elderly farmer in his agricultural field during cattle grazing in 2 September 2019 followed by one more human  kill in 8 October 2019 causing public uproar and hostility. We present our observations made of tiger by villagers in (September 2019), later field study was done after second suspected kill made by the same tiger until the tiger was rescued, translocated  and monitored for rehabilitation. Scientific conflict mitigation measures were followed as per National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) protocol, and IUCN Guidelines, under field conditions. The precautionary measures to adopted were explained to the villagers and awareness was created in the impacted villages.The individual tiger was identified using pug marks for sex identification on field, camera traps images for unique stripe pattern and was then successfully rescued by chemical immobilisation, transported in cage to Mysore Zoo's Rescue and rehabilitation centre for medical examination.  When all evidences were collated, it was observed that the tiger in question did not seek human or livestock prey outside the PA. It must be accidental encounter with humans. It can be concluded that for long term solution, better understanding of animal behaviour is a must. Along with this awareness among people about dispersing tigers would influence their perception of man-eater tigers. The key to success of this operation was the decision made by KFD based on  scientific techniques to identify the tiger and capture it. 

Disaster causes serious disruption of society causing damage to human as well as animal lives. India is vulnerable, in varying degrees, to a large number of disasters. More than 58.6 per cent of the landmass is prone to earthquakes of moderate to very high intensity; over 12% of its land is prone to floods and river erosion; 8% coastline is prone to cyclones and tsunamis; 68% of its cultivable area is vulnerable to droughts; and, 3% hilly areas are at risk from landslides and avalanches Moreover, India is also vulnerable to Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear (CBRN) emergencies and other man-made disasters. Disaster causes severe loses in livestock sector causing huge and sudden loss to farmers as well as livestock industry. Disaster management broadly divided two-point framework,  pre disaster risk reduction phase and post disaster recovery phase. Disaster management has four main components: Preparedness before disaster strikes by adopting advanced weather forecasting technology and early warning system, Mitigation efforts attempt to prevent hazards from developing into disasters altogether, or to reduce the effects of disasters when they occur, i.e. making the effect of the disaster less severe by understanding hazard, vulnerability and risk assessment, Response time to a disaster must be as minimum as possible it includes the mobilization of the necessary emergency services and first responders in the disaster area. and Recovery phase is to restore the affected area to its previous state, which takes time In case of livestock with preparedness, pre disaster, during disaster and after disaster is helpful to reduce the livestock loss during disaster and minimize its effect on livestock population.