Ozone depletion, global warming and climate change remain global issues of concern, with detrimental impacts on both human health and the environment. The consumption and release of ozone depleting substances (ODS) into the atmosphere are the main cause of ozone depletion. One such common anthropogenic ODS with high global warming potential which is targeted for phase-out under the Montreal protocol (MP) is Chlorodifluoromethane (HCFC-22). The MP set to phase-out HCFC-22 with mandatory timelines and cut-off dates for its use by 2040 for Article 5 countries. To meet the HCFC-22 phase-out timelines, Botswana was required to develop and implement a country-level Hydrochlorofluorocarbon Phase-out Management Plan (HPMP), which aimed at embarking on national communications to disseminate information on the implementation process through capacitation of raising key stakeholders’ awareness, training and information exchange. The success of HCFC-22 phase-out strategy greatly depends on the participation of key stakeholders in the implementation process. The purpose of this study is focused on evaluating the level of awareness and product knowledge of stakeholders in the importation and distribution of HCFC-22 in Botswana. Methodology: A census of nine HCFC-22-importing companies was conducted and probability sampling proportional to company size was used to select a sample of 159 respondents from the Department of Meteorological Services, Customs officers and HCFC-22 Industrial consumers. Findings: Questionnaire and interview results revealed that the level of HCFC-22 knowledge and awareness among stakeholders is moderate with notable inter-group variations. In particular, consumers had higher levels of HCFC-22 knowledge and awareness than other stakeholders, indicating gaps in awareness raising and training. The bulk (87%) of the stakeholders is well educated and experienced in ODS related service provision. Conclusion and Significance: This suggests that there are still gaps in information dissemination to key stakeholders and this remains a crucial discrepancy between the country’s HPMP success lead and lag indicators. Recommendation: Of note to the study is the fact that the frequency of awareness-raising initiatives is not sufficient as prescribed by the HPMP and these needs to be increased to make an impact. There is need to carefully select the communication media used in line with the media consumption habits of target markets. Awareness raising must start from the grassroots in the community.

Climate change forecasts from IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) reports and different studies provided that by 2100, Morocco will face a decrease of average annual rainfall by 10 to 30% and an increase of average annual temperature by 1° to 2°C. Aquifer’s overexploitation due to the increase of water demand, for urban, agricultural and industrial development; and climate change, has negative impact on groundwater resources. Therefore, different consequences are predicted: natural recharge decrease, water quality decline, salinity intrusion. The scientific knowledge of processes related to climate change impact on groundwater resources remains insufficient both nationally and internationally. This is due particularly to: the inadequacy of databases both quantitatively and qualitatively; Insufficient accuracy of predictions by climate models especially rainfall and their sensitivity to the choice of climate scenarios; Insufficient accuracy of methods for estimating groundwater recharge; the difficulty of modelling surface water/groundwater interaction. The assessment of climate change impacts on groundwater resources requires reliable predictions of climate variables; a good estimation of groundwater recharge; and modeling of the aquifer’s hydrodynamic response to climate change scenarios. This research aims to improve assessment of climate change impacts on Moroccan’s groundwater resources, using a global methodology. The proposal approach was based on national and international benchmark, and outcomes derived from Berrechid aquifer’s studies which is among many vulnerable Moroccan’s aquifers to climate change and water scarcity. The results of simulations showed a decline of water table of this aquifer even for optimistic IPCC scenarios: SRES-B1 (Special Report on Emissions Scenarios) or RCP-2.6 (Representative Concentration Pathways). Berrechid aquifer was considered as case study to improve this global methodology based on a link of different aspects (climate, hydrologic, and flow groundwater), to assess future impacts of climate change on groundwater resources in Morocco.

The quantification of hydrological components is important for water resources assessment and management. Hydrological modeling of Guder Catchment is efficaciously calibrated and validated using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model. Model calibration from (1986-1997) and validation from (1998-2001) was performed for the monthly flow from the Guder measuring station. Estimation of water yield and water balance components of the hydrologic cycle in the basin was aimed. The model generally works well by simulating runoff according to the result of 2 objectives, Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) and coefficient of determination (R2). Threshold depth of water in the shallow aquifer mandatory for return flow to occur, Channel effective hydraulic conductivity & curve number for moisture condition II  CN2.mgt was sensitive flow parameters. The contributions of precipitation to the streamflow, Evapotranspiration, and groundwater as percolation to shallow aquifer were 88%, 9%, and 65% respectively. The water yields of whole sub-basins were evaluated and the variation ranged from 926 mm to 1340 mm per year. The present study offers an initial estimation of the components of water yield and water balance at the level of the basin in the Guder Catchment, and the findings can be used to determine the impacts of land cover and climate change and also local government agencies can arrange projects to solve community water-related issues.