Be a part of Webinar on Enzymology

Metabolic modelling allows a deep insight into the molecular mechanisms of a particular organism. A reconstruction process breaks down metabolic pathways into their respective reactions and enzymes, and analyses them within the perspective of the entire network. It collects all the relevant metabolic information of an organism and compiles it in a mathematical model. A deep analysis of these reconstructed pathways can allow identification of key features of metabolism such as growth yield, resource distribution, network robustness, and gene essentiality. This information can then be applied to create novel biotechnological methods.

Conventional biological diagnostic procedures are based on a time-consuming series of sequential biochemical tests. The rise of “omic” technologies offers the complete picture of basic molecules that build a biological system at different levels. Metabolomics is the most recent “omic” technology based on biochemical characterization of metabolites and their changes pertaining to genetic and environmental factors. Metabolomics, when used as a translational research tool, can offer a link between the laboratory and clinic, and produce results in a lesser time.

Metabolomics is the examination of endogenous and exogenous low atomic mass metabolites inside of a cell, tissue, or biofluid of a life form in light of an outer stressor. Plant Metabolomics is to contemplate the plant framework at the sub-atomic level giving complete characterization of metabolome of plants under particular conditions. Using Metabolomics, a better understanding of the correlation between genes and the biochemical composition of a plant tissue in response to its environment can be obtained, and this information can be further used to assess gene function.

In the presence of an enzyme, the reaction runs in the same direction as it would without the enzyme, just more quickly. For example, in carbonic anhydrase catalyses its reaction is either direction depending on the concentration of its reactants. The rate of a reaction is dependent on the activation energy needed to form the transition state which then decays into products. Enzymes increase reaction rates by lowering the energy of the transition state. First, binding forms a low energy enzyme-substrate complex (ES). Secondly the enzyme stabilises the transition state such that it requires less energy to achieve compared to the un catalyzed reaction (ES‡). Finally the enzyme-product complex (EP) dissociates to release the products.

Enzyme kinetics is the study of the chemical reactions that are catalysed by enzymes. In enzyme kinetics, the reaction rate is measured and the effects of varying the conditions of the reaction are investigated. Studying an enzyme's kinetics in this way can reveal the catalytic mechanism of this enzyme, its role in metabolism, how its activity is controlled, and how a drug or an agonist might inhibit the enzyme.

Enzymes are used in the chemical industry and other industrial applications when extremely specific catalysts are required. Enzymes in general are limited in the number of reactions they have evolved to catalyse and also by their lack of stability in organic solvents and at high temperatures. As a consequence, protein engineering is an active area of research and involves attempts to create new enzymes with novel properties, either through rational design or in vitro evolution. These efforts have begun to be successful, and a few enzymes have now been designed "from scratch" to catalyse reactions that do not occur in nature.

Enzymes are usually protein molecules that manipulate other molecules — the enzymes substrates. These target molecules bind to an enzyme's active site and are transformed into products through a series of steps known as the enzymatic mechanism.

Molecular enzymology is designing and synthesis of enzymes and high unmet medical needs are based on innovative drug targets. The work of designing and synthesis of enzymes and high unmet medical need are based on innovative drug targets.

Molecular Enzymology's interest include in all aspects related to enzymes like discovery of enzymes, enzyme structure, enzyme mechanisms, cellular and metabolic functions of enzymes, exploitation of enzymes for biotechnological and pharmaceutical applications, drug discovery, biochemical aspects of enzymes, bioinformatics, computational analysis, molecular modelling studies, new methods in enzyme expression and purification, bio catalysis, bio molecular engineering, enzyme kinetics and inhibitors.

Enzymes are catalysts that increase the rate or velocity of physiologic reactions. Each and every reaction in our body takes place with the help of an enzyme. In general, most enzymes are present in cells at much higher concentrations than in plasma. Measurement of their levels in plasma indicates whether their tissue of origin is damaged leading to the release of intracellular components into the blood. This forms the basis of clinical enzymology. Thus, clinical enzymology refers to measurement of enzyme activity for the diagnosis and treatment of diseases.

Food enzymology covers basic and applied aspects of the enzymology important to food systems. The basic aspects of the course include: methods of measuring enzymatic activities; extraction of enzymes from microbial, plant and animal systems; methods of enzyme purification and characterization; and regulation of enzyme activities by activators, inhibitors, and by covalent modification. Applied aspects of the course focus on enzymes used by the food industry and methods for controlling endogenous enzyme activities. Students develop novel food concepts based on enzymatic reactions/processes.

Recombinant DNA technology involves joining together of DNA molecules to produce some new genetic combinations by inserting it into a host organism. Now a days Scientists are carrying out many novel researches in the field of recombinant DNA technology to bring revolution in the field of genetic engineering of crops, animals and medicine.

Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of physiological, biochemical, clinical, and metabolic factors that directly accelerates the risk of cardiovascular disease and diabetes mellitus. Insulin resistance, visceral adiposity, atherogenic dyslipidemia, endothelial dysfunction, genetic susceptibility, elevated blood pressure, hypercoagulable state, and chronic stress are the several factors which constitute the syndrome. Lifestyle modification remains the initial intervention of choice for such disorders. Modern lifestyle modification therapy combines specific recommendations on diet and exercise with behavioural strategies. The pharmacological and metabolomic data helps in overcoming such problems.