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Pre-clinical research is a stage of research that begins before clinical trials and during which important feasibility, iterative testing and drug safety data are collected, typically in laboratory animals. The main goals of pre-clinical research are to determine a starting, safe dose for first-in-human study and assess for the potential toxicity of the product, which typically include new medical devices, prescription drugs, and diagnostics.

Clinical Trials for different diseases leads to assessing at least one medication for treating a disorder or a condition. Discovering approaches to keep the underlying advancement or continuous ailments or conditions. These can incorporate immunizations or way of changes among various aspects.

Pharmacovigilance is the pharmacological science relates to the collection, detection, assessment, monitoring, and prevention of adverse effects with pharmaceutical products. Medication errors such as overdose, and misuse and abuse of a drug as well as drug exposure during pregnancy and breastfeeding, are also of interest, even without an adverse event, because they may result in an adverse drug reaction.

Technology plays a critical role in drug development and the R&D value chain by revolutionizing clinical trials and decreasing the failure rate. Though the supply of technology has been increasing and regulation of innovative methods is easing, pharmaceutical companies have been slow to use the emerging technologies, due to the ambiguity prevailing around this space and a highly fragmented supply market.

A case report is a detailed report of the symptoms, signs, diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports may contain a demographic profile of the patient, but usually describe an unusual or novel occurrence. Some case reports also contain a literature review of other reported cases. Case reports are professional narratives that provide feedback on clinical practice guidelines and offer a framework for early signals of effectiveness, adverse events, and cost.

Pediatric nutrition considers the dietary needs of infants to support growth and development, including changes in organ function and body composition.