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The agri-food sector is the process of food production and distribution, and contains a enormous range of roles from farming to the point of eating. Agricultural technology, or agri-tech, is specifically about emerging new technologies to expand food production. The main objective of  agri-tech is reducing the impact of farming on the environment, but it can also increase productivity, profit, or health and safety.

Food engineering is an interdisciplinary ground which associates microbiology, applied physical sciences, chemistry and engineering for food and associated productions. It also includes the application of agricultural, mechanical and chemical engineering principles to food materials. Food processing is the conversion of agricultural products into food or of one form of food into other forms. Food processing comprises various forms of processing foods, from grinding grain to make raw flour to home cooking to complex industrial methods used to make convenience foods.

Chemistry of Food is the study of chemical processes and interactions of all biological and non-biological components of foods. Examples of biological substances are meat, poultry, lettuce, beer, and milk. It is similar to biochemistry in its main components such as carbohydrates, lipids, and protein, but it also includes areas such as water, vitamins, minerals, enzymes, food additives, flavours, and colours. This discipline also includes how products get modified under certain food processing techniques and methods either to enhance or to prevent them from happening.

Dairy Technology deals with processing of milk and milk product. Dairy technology is a branch of engineering that is concern with the processing of milk and its products. Dairy technology study involves processing, storage, packaging, distribution and transportation of dairy products by entailing the science of bacteriology, nutrition and biochemistry.

Food microbiology is the scientific study of microorganisms that is used both in food and for the food production. This includes those microorganisms that contaminate food, as well as those which are used in its production; for example production of yoghurt, cheese, beer and wine. It is the study of the microorganisms that inhibit, create, or contaminate food, including the study of microorganisms causing food spoilage, pathogens that may cause disease especially if food is improperly cooked or stored; they are used to produce fermented foods such as cheese, yogurt, bread, beer, and wine, and those with other useful roles such as manufacturing of probiotics.

The notion of food innovation has been incorporated around food companies with growing regularity in recent years. Most of the time, the term” innovation” is associated with new product development, but innovation can be applied equally well across corporate marketing, operations, quality assurance, food safety disciplines.  Innovation experts generally split innovation into two high level categories: Disruptive and Incremental Innovation.