Radio Navigation is the application of radio frequencies to determine a position of an object on the earth. The basic principles are measurements from/to electric beacons, especially

• Angular directions, e.g. by bearing, radio phases or interferometry,
• Distances, e.g. ranging by measurement of time of flight between one transmitter and multiple receivers or vice versa,
• Distance differences by measurement of times of arrival of signals from one transmitter to multiple receivers or vice versa
• Partly also velocity, e.g. by means of radio Doppler shift.

Combinations of these measurement principles also are important—e.g., many radars measure range and azimuth of a target. Radio Navigation has huge application in space organisations like ISRO (Indian Space Research Organisation), NASA (The National Aeronautics and Space Administration.

IOT is nothing but simply the network of interconnected things/devices which are embedded with sensors, software, network connectivity and necessary electronics that enables them to collect and exchange data making them responsive.

IOT devices examples: Devices can be categorized into three main groups: Consumer, enterprise and Industrial .For example consumer connected devices include smart TV’s, Smart speakers, toys and smart appliances.

IOT converts dumb devices to smart devices by adding the capability to network, communicate and shared data. The devices connected in an IoT networks are linked via sensors and actuators wrapped with software and hardware to provide humans with logical inputs. The foundation of IoT is machine learning and artificial intelligence because it allows these devices to make sense of the data collected through them.

Zigbee is nothing but it’s a wireless technology, developed as an open global standard to address the unique need of low-power wireless IOT networks. The Zigbee standard operates on the IEEE 802.15.4 physical radio specification. Devices that use Zigbee are:

1. Samsung Smart Things.
2. Amazon Echo Plus (With Alexa for voice control).
3. Honeywell Thermostats.

The main Drawbacks of Zigbee technology are:

Unlike Wi-Fi, if you have two devices with Zigbee chips, its possible that they wont be able to operate with each other …its maximum speed is just 250kbps, much lower then the lowest speed of Wi-Fi. 

The main Advantage of Zigbee Technology is that:

Zigbee best quality is its lower power consumption rate and battery life.

5G (fifth generation remote systems) means the accompanying critical time of versatile media communications norms past the current 4G/IMT-Advanced  standards. 5G has speeds past what the current 4G can offer. Wireless and telecommunication conferences will include a thorough specialized (technical) program offering various specialized sessions with papers exhibiting most recent innovations, applications and services.

5G ought to be taken off by 2020 to meet business and consumer demands. Notwithstanding giving just quicker speeds, they foresee that 5G networks also will need to meet the needs of new use cases,  for example, the Internet of Things as well as broadcast-like services and lifeline communication in  midst  of natural disaster.

In spite of the fact that updated models that characterize capabilities beyond those characterized in the current 4G standards are under consideration, those new  abilities are as yet being gathered  under the current ITU-T 4G standards.

Optical Communication is any type of communication in which light is used to carry the signal to the remote end, instead of electrical current. Optical communication relies on optical fibres to carry signal to their destinations. This communication was first developed in 1970s,fibre optics has revolutionized the telecommunication industry and played a major role in the advent of a information age.

Because of its advantages over electrical transmission, optical fibres have largely replaced copper wire communications in core network in the developed world.

This mode of communication uses routers to transfer information wirelessly and thereby allows users within the proximity of the router to access the network. These networks must be protected with passwords for security; otherwise intruders can access the network posing threat to sensitive information. Example: Electronic devices like smart phones, laptops, etc. use Wi-Fi networks. Main advantage of Wi-Fi are its increase efficiency, flexibility Cost saving. Some of the Drawbacks of Wi-Fi are: Data transfer rate decreases when no. of clients or computers connected with Wi-Fi network increases – Full security is difficult to achieve due to Wi-Fi connection being wireless in nature.

A wireless network is computer network that uses wireless data connections for interfacing system hubs. LAN utilizes radio waves to connect electronic gadgets, to the Internet and to your business network and its applications. When you connect a workstation to a Wi-Fi hotspot at public place, it associates to that business's wireless network. A wireless network empowers individuals to communicate and access applications and information in absence of wires. This gives opportunity of development and the capacity to stretch out applications to various parts of a building, city, or about anyplace in the world. Wireless networks enable individuals to interact with e-mail or browse the Internet from their location. A mobile network administrator is a provider of services wireless communications that possesses or controls all the elements necessary to offer and deliver services to an end user including radio spectrum allocation, wireless network framework, back haul infrastructure, billing, customer care, provisioning computer frameworks and marketing and repair organizations.

A sensor is a device, module, machine or subsystem whose purpose is to detect events or changes in its environment and send the information to other electronics, frequently a computer processor. All type of Sensors can be basically classified into Analog Sensor and Digital Sensor.

Sensor based technologies are:

Now, a day various sensor based technologies have been adopted for construction safety management, including locating sensor based technology, vision based sensing and wireless sensor network. Some advantages of Sensors: Detect through some some containers, It can detect non-metallic targets, Senses all materials. Some of the drawbacks are: Very sensitive to extreme environmental changes, Sensitive to temperature changes as well.

Communication satellite is artificial satellites that transmits and receive and amplifies radio media transmission signals. This procedure is performing at different location on earth. These communication satellites are utilized for TV, telephone, radio, internet, and military applications. A group of satellites working in show is known as a satellite constellation.

Space explorations

Satellite Radiance

Earth Observation Satellites

Remote Sensing Satellites and GIS

Rocket Propulsion